tumblr_ovn83gqfjc1v8rcmeo1_1280 — Sir John Everett Millais, Mariana, 1851, oil on wood, 597 x 495 mm (Tate Britain)

Who is John Everett Millais?

John Millais (1829–1896) was a founding member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a group of English artists who united in 1848 hoping to renew British painting. They idealized the sincerity of purpose and clarity of form of the early Italian Renaissance artists—before Raphael—finding art that they sought to emulate.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood often used allegorical images to create a narrative which taught a moral virtues using vibrant color, abundant detail, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art.

Tennyson’s “Mariana”

According to Dr. Rebecca Jeffrey Easby, the painting “Mariana” is an illustration of Tennyson’s poem of the same name:

She only said, ‘My life is dreary,

He cometh not,’ she said

She said, “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!”

Dr. Easby continues,

“The inspiration for the poem was taken from the character of Mariana in Shakespeare’s play ‘Measure for Measure’, who was locked in a moated grange…for years after her dowry was lost at sea in a storm, causing her to be rejected by her lover, Angelo. However, the happily ever after ending found in Shakespeare’s play is not even hinted at in either Tennyson’s poem or the painting by Millais.” smarthistory

Furthermore, Millais used Tennyson’s poetry to create a narrative for his painting of Mariana, and he wanted to allow the viewer familiar with Tennyson’s poetry to read the entire poem through the painting.

The Narrative Clues

According to Tate Museum, “In the picture the autumn leaves scattered on the ground mark the passage of time. Mariana has been working at some embroidery and pauses to stretch her back. Her longing for Angelo is suggested by her pose and the needle thrust fiercely into her embroidery. The stained-glass windows in front of her show the Annunciation, contrasting the Virgin’s fulfillment with Mariana’s frustration and longing.”

Dr. Rebecca Jeffrey Easby at smarthistory writes, “As is typical with the Pre-Raphaelites, Millais’ painting shows his mastery of the minute detail.” She continues:

“The viewer can almost reach out and touch the softness of her velvet dress, and the jewels in her belt glitter against the dark blue fabric.”“The beautiful stained glass windows depicting an Annunciation scene were adapted from the windows in the Chapel of Merton College, Oxford. Even the smallest details such as the small mouse that runs across the floor and the light of the lamp by the prie dieu in the corner are painted with the same attention to truth to nature found in the more prominent elements of the painting.”

In addition, Frances Fowle (Dec. 2000) explains further connections:

“The motto ‘In coelo quies’ means ‘In Heaven there is rest’ and clearly refers to Mariana’s desire to be dead.” The snowdrop symbolizes ‘consolation’ and is also the birthday flower for 20 January, St Agnes’ Eve, when young girls put herbs in their shoes and pray to St Agnes to send them a vision of their future husband. It may also refer indirectly to John Keats’s narrative poem ‘The Eve of St Agnes’, which, like Tennyson’s Mariana, is also concerned with the theme of yearning.”

The mouse in the right foreground is Tennyson’s mouse that ‘Behind the mouldering wainscot shriek’d, | Or from the crevice peer’d about’. The miniature altar in the background, decorated with a small triptych, and a silver casket, may refer to Tennyson’s other poem on the same theme, Mariana in the South, in which Mariana prays desperately to the Virgin Mary.” (Frances Fowle December 2000 at Tate Museum)

Video: “Mariana” by Millais

Mariana

By Alfred, Lord Tennyson

“Mariana in the Moated Grange”

(Shakespeare, Measure for Measure)

With blackest moss the flower-plots

Were thickly crusted, one and all:

The rusted nails fell from the knots

That held the pear to the gable-wall.

The broken sheds look’d sad and strange:

Unlifted was the clinking latch;

Weeded and worn the ancient thatch

Upon the lonely moated grange.

She only said,

“My life is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said, “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!”

Her tears fell with the dews at even;

Her tears fell ere the dews were dried;

She could not look on the sweet heaven,

Either at morn or eventide.

After the flitting of the bats,

When thickest dark did trance the sky,

She drew her casement-curtain by,

And glanced athwart the glooming flats.

She only said, “The night is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said, “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!”

Upon the middle of the night,

Waking she heard the night-fowl crow:

The cock sung out an hour ere light:

From the dark fen the oxen’s low

Came to her: without hope of change,

In sleep she seem’d to walk forlorn,

Till cold winds woke the gray-eyed morn

About the lonely moated grange.

She only said, “The day is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said, “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!”

screenshot

About a stone-cast from the wall

A sluice with blacken’d waters slept,

And o’er it many, round and small,

The cluster’d marish-mosses crept.

Hard by a poplar shook alway,

All silver-green with gnarled bark:

For leagues no other tree did mark

The level waste, the rounding gray.

She only said, “My life is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said “I am aweary, aweary

I would that I were dead!”

And ever when the moon was low,

And the shrill winds were up and away,

In the white curtain, to and fro,

She saw the gusty shadow sway.

But when the moon was very low

And wild winds bound within their cell,

The shadow of the poplar fell

Upon her bed, across her brow.

She only said, “The night is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!”

6wGvnPEiyH8RFA_4 — *“the mouse ‘Behind the mouldering wainscot shriek’d’,”*

All day within the dreamy house,

The doors upon their hinges creak’d;

The blue fly sung in the pane; the mouse

Behind the mouldering wainscot shriek’d,

Or from the crevice peer’d about.

Old faces glimmer’d thro’ the doors

Old footsteps trod the upper floors,

Old voices called her from without.

She only said, “My life is dreary,

He cometh not,” she said;

She said, “I am aweary, aweary,

I would that I were dead!

The sparrow’s chirrup on the roof,

The slow clock ticking, and the sound

Which to the wooing wind aloof

The poplar made, did all confound

Her sense; but most she loathed the hour

When the thick-moted sunbeam lay

Athwart the chambers, and the day

Was sloping toward his western bower.

Then said she, “I am very dreary,

He will not come,” she said;

She wept, “I am aweary, aweary,

Oh God, that I were dead!”

from Poetry Foundation

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelites were a secret society whose principal members were William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

According to Tate Museum,

“Inspired by the theories of John Ruskin, who urged artists to ‘go to nature’, they believed in an art of serious subjects treated with maximum realism. Their principal themes were initially religious, but they also used subjects from literature and poetry, particularly those dealing with love and death. They also explored modern social problems.”

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood opposed two popular trends:

the Royal Academy’s promotion of the Renaissance master Raphael.
the immensely popular genre painting of the Victorian era. (The term genre painting refers to paintings which depict scenes of everyday life)

In the midst of the Industrial Revolution and scientific discovery, these artists looked backward and created works that celebrated a distinct Medieval aesthetic. (wikipedia)

The Victorian Ideal

Dr. Rebecca Jeffrey Easby, writes that Millais’ Mariana is the epitome of the Victorian idea of a medieval woman. She says, “Set in a vaguely Gothic interior with pointed arches and stained glass windows, the painting has an air of mystery and melancholy that is typical in Victorian depictions of the Middle Ages.”

“The motto ‘In coelo quies’ means

‘In Heaven there is rest’ and clearly refers to

Mariana’s desire to be dead.”

Frances Fowle December 2000 at Tate Museum

In Conclusion

Millais’s painting shows Mariana from Shakespeare’s play Measure for Measure and is an illustration for Tennyson’s poem of the same name. Her loss is two-fold: both her dowry and her fiance Angelo have vanished. She is bereft and alone, but obviously still yearns for Angelo (the rat?!) and hopes that her circumstance might change.

Dr. Rebecca Jeffrey Easby at smarthistory summarizes as follows:

“In ‘Mariana’, Millais has created both an essay in Pre-Raphaelite execution and an evocative literary female portrait. The viewer feels the release of her aching muscles as she leans backward, however we are also palpably aware of her isolation. It is a work that is at once vibrant and colorful, but also cold and forbidding.“

Mariana’s posture, her intricate embroidery, the fallen leaves, and the appurtenances of the room suggest the burden she feels as each day inexplicably ends – without change. She is thus a prisoner – she cannot escape the dark melancholy of her surroundings any more than she can break free from her emotional bondage.

Click for Image Details

Sir John Everett Millais, Mariana, 1851, oil on wood, 597 x 495 mm (Tate Britain) detail

Sir John Everett Millais, Mariana, 1851, oil on wood, 597 x 495 mm (Tate Britain)

Sir John Everett Millais, Mariana, 1851, oil on wood, 597 x 495 mm (Tate Britain) detail

For More Information

About This Painting:

About John Everett Millais

About the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

References

Dr. Rebecca Jeffrey Easby, “Sir John Everett Millais, Mariana,” in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/millais-mariana/ (accessed June 10, 2018)
Poetry Foundation, Mariana, , https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45365/mariana. (accessed June 10, 2018 ).
Frances Fowle, “Sir John Everett Millais’ Mariana”, (December 2000) Tate Museum https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-mariana-t07553 (accessed 24 Sept 2018).
Wikipedia contributors, “Mariana (Millais),” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_(Millais)&oldid=843580178 (accessed June 11, 2018).
Wikipedia contributors, “Mariana (poem),” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_(poem)&oldid=835815725 (accessed September 27, 2018).

Thanks for Reading! 🙂

At Sunnyside – Where Truth and Beauty Meet

John Everett Millais: ‘Mariana’ (1851)

Who is John Everett Millais?